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Louis Andriessen Mariss Jansons Hendrik Andriessen Boulez Stravinsky Baaren Berio Guevara Schat Reinbert Leeuw Mengelberg Stockhausen Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest Hoketus Royal Concertgebouw Amsterdam Holland Festival 1939 1957 1962 1963 1965 1966 1968 1969 1972 1973 1976 1977 2013
Louis Andriessen (1939) Mysteriën (Mysteries) : for orchestra (2013) Orchestra: Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest Conductor: Mariss Jansons Commissioned by the Royal Concertgebouw Amsterdam for the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of both hall and orchestra Louis Andriessen is a Dutch composer, son of Hendrik Andriessen. After a few youthful works influenced by neo-classicism and serialism in the manner of Boulez he moved steadily away from the postwar European avant garde and towards American minimalism, jazz and Stravinsky. Out of these elements he has developed a musical language marked by extremes of ritual and masquerade, of monumentality and intimacy, of formal rigour and intuitive empiricism. The epitome of the Hague School, he is regarded as the most influential Dutch composer of his generation. Andriessen was born the youngest son of a musical family. His father and his elder brother Jurriaan, who passed on to him his musical experiences of Stravinskian neo-classicism and jazz, were his earliest mentors. Between 1957 and 1962 he studied composition at the Royal Conservatory in The Hague with Van Baaren. After receiving the composition prize there, he continued his studies with Berio in Berlin and Milan +••.••(...)). Back in the Netherlands he played an active role in the increasing politicization of the arts put into practice during the Holland Festival in 1969 with the collective work Reconstructie, a music-theatre morality based on the character of Che Guevara; the composers involved were Schat, van Vlijmen, Reinbert de Leeuw and Misha Mengelberg, all former students of Van Baaren. Later the same year Andriessen was involved in the Notenkrakersactie, the disruption of a concert by the Concertgebouw Orchestra, whose artistic policy the protesters regarded as reactionary. This controversial act has since come to be seen as a turning-point in postwar Dutch musical life. For Andriessen it led to a permanent abandonment of the medium of the symphony orchestra. Convinced that musical renewal cannot be separated from the renewal of performance practice, he set up in 1972 De Volharding ('Perseverance') to perform his composition of the same name, and similarly in 1977, Hoketus, the result of a project at the Royal Conservatory; both ensembles have gone on to stimulate extensive new repertories. Andriessen began to teach composition and instrumentation at the Royal Conservatory in 1973, and in the mid-1980s started to be in great demand as a guest lecturer, particularly in the USA. It may be tempting to regard the première of De staat in 1976 as marking the birth of the 'real' Andriessen. A typically European response to the more ethereal American minimalism of the time, it made his name internationally. It is the first work in a line of monumental, for the most part 'didactic' compositions which mark moments of synthesis and re-orientation in his output; it also unveiled Andriessen's characteristic sonorities of brass, keyboards and bass guitars. However, his output from before De staat should not be viewed merely as a preliminary stage, since in it a number of distinctive (albeit short-lived) styles and techniques are discernible, becoming marked increasingly by personal features. At the extremes stand the graphic composition Registers (1963) and the exercise in youthful sentiment Souvenirs d'enfance (1966). In Ittrospezione III (Concept I) serial methods derived from Boulez are uneasily combined with a Cageian conceptualism, though pre-echoes of De staat are occasionally apparent in the work's instrumentation and form. Contra tempus of 1968 reveals Andriessen explicitly turning away from the avant garde's rejection of the past. The montage form, the mixture of static, 'chorale' continuos of sound, traced by the composer to such variable sources as Stockhausen's Momente, Stravinsky and pre-tonality, and the big-band-like instrumentation, all point in another direction. Most of all it is Stravinsky whom Andriessen considered / 'with his hand on my shoulder' / the model; the last chord of the work is the opening one of the Symphony of Psalms. With De volharding (1972), Andriessen moved a step closer to De staat. Composed in response to American minimalism in general and to Riley's In C in particular, the musico-political convictions which have determined Andriessen's development are reflected in the title, with its reference to the ideals of the early 20th-century labour movement
Sem Sem Dresden Zweers Pfitzner Stern Pijper Smit Beinum Otterloo Groot Bizet Concertgebouw Holland Festival 1236 1881 1903 1914 1918 1919 1922 1924 1926 1927 1928 1937 1940 1942 1949 1957 1958
Sem Dresden +••.••(...)) Sonate Nr. 2 voor cello en piano (1942) 1. Allegro molto - 00:00 2. Allegro agitato - 06:42 3. Poco lento - 12:36 Doris Hochscheid, cello Frans van Ruth, piano The CD and more information on Dutch Cello Sonatas are available at: www.cellosonate.nl Sem Dresden was a Dutch composer and teacher. The scion of a diamond-broking family, his father tried to suppress his musical interests; nevertheless he managed to study with Roeske and Zweers in Amsterdam. On the strength of a promising student piano piece, he was sent in 1903 to study composition and conducting under Pfitzner at the Stern Conservatory in Berlin. Pfitzner unexpectedly steered his compositional interests towards French Impressionism; he also encouraged Dresden to remain in Germany as an opera conductor. After two years, however, he returned to the Netherlands. There, aided by his wife Jacoba, a noted alto, he began a career as choral conductor; he also continued to compose. From 1914 to 1926 he directed the nine-member Madrigal Society, which earned international repute for its painstaking performances of Renaissance and contemporary choral music; it was succeeded, from 1928 to 1940, by a larger chamber choir in Haarlem. In 1919 he had been appointed head of composition at the Amsterdam Conservatory and was its director from 1924 to 1937. With Pijper in 1922 he established the Dutch ISCM chapter. His erudite articles in De Amsterdammer and De Telegraaf +••.••(...)) were a progressive influence in Dutch musical life. Dresden was named director of the Royal Conservatory in The Hague in 1937 but served only three years before being dismissed, due to his Jewish ancestry, by German Occupation functionaries. He spent most of the war interned on an estate in Wassenaar; despite dangerous conditions he composed assiduously through these years. He resumed his post in The Hague after liberation, remaining until his retirement in 1949. Many noted Dutch musicians were his students, including Monnikendam, Godron, Smit, van Beinum, Felderhof, van Otterloo, Mul and Cor de Groot. Throughout his career Dresden served on numerous boards and committees, especially in choral education and music for youth. Such administrative functions together with composing occupied him after retirement. In his final hours, confirming the religious tendencies in his later works, he became a convert to Roman Catholicism. The compositions written shortly after his return from Berlin show largely French influences, as in the four suites for wind and piano composed for the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Sextet. The impressionistic Sonata for Flute and Harp (1918), which emphasizes contrasting instrumental timbres, was acclaimed in both France and Holland. Dresden's later music is essentially tonal, but with modal twists and frequent added-note chords. An elastic use of metre may reflect his lifelong involvement with Renaissance polyphony. Long-arched, soaring melody is another hallmark, present in virtually every work from the Sonata for Flute and Harp onwards. Through his choral experience he became fascinated with traditional Dutch songs, of which he made many popular arrangements. In addition, he used these tunes to generate themes in original compositions, either overtly (Quartet no.1) or as a form of musical punning or submerged quotation (Cello Sonata no.2, Piano Trio); Bizet and Wagner fragments are treated similarly in the Flute Concerto. This concern with motivic development carries over into the Dansflitsen, where a seven-movement dance suite grows out of one small motif. In the Chorus tragicus (1927), to a text by Vondel concerning the fall of Jerusalem, unusual choral techniques are used, with suggestive sound effects in the brass and percussion accompaniment. In this work, the Chorus symphonicus, St Antoine (written for an international congress of church music in Augsburg), Psalm 84 and St Joris, Dresden emerges as his country's leading twentieth-century composer of oratorios and festive choral music. The Chorus symphonicus, his most monumental composition, was written during World War II. The texts, from the penitential psalms, reflect the hardships and bitterness of everyday life in those years. By contrast, the operetta Toto, about a little dog concealed from licensing authorities, is a humorous representation of Dresden's own existence during the Occupation. Dresden's last composition was the one-act opera François Villon, to his own text. His pupil Jan Mul prepared the orchestral score after the composer's death, and the work was first performed during the 1958 Holland Festival. It was praised as the most striking Dutch opera to date.
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